Prime
Minister Shri Narendra Modiji attended the G7 Summit in France. Although India is not a member of the G7
group, PM Modi was a special guest, personally invited by French
President Emmanuel Macron. The countries that are part of the G7 include the
United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) stated
that the invitation was a
"reflection of the personal chemistry" between the two leaders and
also "recognition of India as a major economic power". PM Shri
Narendra Modi held a meeting with United Nations Secretary-General Antonio
Guterres as also with United States
President Donald Trump.
These and
many more are accomplishments falling into place for the Indian Prime Minister in
his effort to build a wall of support for India. After a triumphant visit to
Bahrain, where he received the rather impressively titled 'King Hamad Order of
the Renaissance', he flew to Biarritz, the playground of the rich and famous as
a "special partner" at the G7 summit, to meet and greet world
leaders.
In stark contrast ! at about the same time, several hundred miles
away, Pakistan's prime minister was making a somewhat incoherent address to the
nation on Kashmir. Even his best friends would not call that his brightest
moment, as that hate speech was peppered
yet again, with allusions to fascists, Nazis and the like, and a promise to
stand by Kashmir as its special ambassador. Neighbouring countries not in peace is not uncommon ~ best example
being France & United Kingdom.
The Carnatic Wars
were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India.
The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals,
struggles for succession and territory, and included a diplomatic and military
struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India
Company. As a result of these military conflicts, British East India Company
established its dominance among the European trading companies within India.
The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to
Pondichéry. This eventually led to the establishment of the British Raj.
Nearer home occurred
the Battle of Wandiwash [Vandavasi near
Kanchi] was a decisive battle in India
during the Seven Years' War. The Count de Lally's army, burdened by a lack of
naval support and funds, attempted to regain the fort at Vandavasi, was attacked by Sir Eyre Coote's forces and
decisively defeated. The French general surrendered
on 22 Jan 1760. Some search on history this
date, - 29.08. - revealed some
interesting details.
The House of
Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in
France. The family held the English
throne from 1154, with the accession of Henry II, until 1485, when Richard III
died in battle. The Hundred Years' War
was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet,
rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the French House of Valois, over the
right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war.
It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five
generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the
largest kingdom in Western Europe.
Over the centuries,
English holdings in France had varied in size, at some points dwarfing even the
French royal domain. In 1316, a
principle was established denying women succession to the French throne. In
1328, Charles IV of France died without sons or brothers. His closest male
relative was his nephew Edward III of England, whose mother, Isabella of
France, was sister of the deceased king. Isabella claimed the throne of France
for her son, but the French rejected it, maintaining that Isabella could not
transmit a right she did not possess. The throne passed instead to Philip,
Count of Valois, a patrilineal cousin of Charles IV, who would become Philip VI
of France, the first king of the House of Valois. However, disagreements between
Philip and Edward induced the former to confiscate the latter's lands in
France, and in turn prompted Edward III to reassert his claim to the French
throne.
Several overwhelming
English victories in the war—especially at Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt—raised
the prospects of an ultimate English triumph, and convinced the English to
continue pouring money and manpower into the war over many decades. However,
the greater resources of the French monarchy prevented the English kings from
ever completing the conquest of France. The Treaty of Picquigny was a peace
treaty negotiated on 29 August 1475 between the
Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. It followed from an invasion of
France by Edward IV of England in alliance with Burgundy and Brittany. It left
Louis XI of France free to deal with the threat posed by Charles the Bold, Duke
of Burgundy. Arising out of this
treaty, the two kings agreed to a seven-year truce and
free trade between the two countries. Louis XI was to pay Edward IV 75,000 crowns
upfront, essentially a bribe to return to England and not take up arms to
pursue his claim to the French throne. He would then receive a yearly pension
thereafter of 50,000 crowns. Other
provisions of the treaty were that if either king experienced a rebellion, the
other would provide military support to defeat it.
The details of the
negotiations are related by the chronicler Philippe de Commines, who says that
Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III), was opposed to the treaty,
considering it dishonourable. He refused to participate in the negotiations.
However, he joined the celebrations in Amiens after it was concluded. Commines
also relays a series of sarcastic comments made by the French king about
Edward's notorious womanising, as well as his fear of the English because of
the events of the Hundred Years' War.
With regards – S.
Sampathkumar
29th
August 2019.
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