Insurance is a contract The
contract of insurance involves all the elements of an ordinary contract - In India, now we have the ‘Standard Fire and
Special Perils Policy’ being used by all the General Insurers. The Indian market now follows the “All India Fire Tariff”
effective 2001. The Tariff has been subjected to revisions and amendments from
time to time. During 1980s, the Fire Tariff presented bewildering demonic
proportions being of big volume and too difficult even for the Insurers. During
those days, there were restrictions of ‘night work’, usage of petrol /
flammable material, material in open and for each of these there were
restrictions by way of warranties and additional premium. The Tariff was largely simplified and
released with a new look effective April 1987 when there were three variants
Fire Policy A, B & C.
Perhaps in terms of no. Insurers issue more Fire Policies after
Motor Policies and that way the understanding of the need, coverage, terms and
conditions of this insurance are fairly well known and understood in the
market. Still there could be lack of
understanding and difference in understanding that could lead to disputes and
here is one (which otherwise looks elementary for those of us in Insurance !)
..
One sees what one wants to see !
The operative part of the Insurance (contract) Policy reads : In
consideration of the Insured named in
the Schedule hereto having paid to ____________ (hereinafter called the
Company) the full premium mentioned in the said schedule, THE COMPANY AGREES, (Subject
to the Conditions and Exclusions contained herein or endorsed or otherwise
expressed hereon) that if after payment of the
premium the Property insured described in the said Schedule or any part
of such Property be destroyed or damaged by any
of the perils specified hereunder during the period of insurance named in the said schedule or of any subsequent period in
respect of which the Insured shall have paid and the Company shall have
accepted the premium required for the renewal of the policy, the Company shall pay
to the Insured the value of the Property at the time of the happening of its
destruction or the amount of such damage or at its option reinstate or replace
such property or any part thereof’
Before we read any further – the essentials of the above
contract between Insurance Company and Policy holder is : 1) after payment of premium 2) stated
property being destroyed or damaged 3) by perils specified 4) during the period of insurance [usually
annual] 5) Insurers shall pay the value of the property at the time of
happening of destruction .. .. in India
going by the Insurance Act provisions – ‘coverage
shall commence only after payment of premium – ie., cash before cover!” – 64VB
the essential of Insurance
Simple and elementary, it may sound, it became the subject
matter of a suit that was agitated before the Supreme Court of India and
decided with clarity by the Apex Court in Sept 2008 [Deokar Exports Vs New
India CA 5103/2002]
The appellant imported a
De-hydration Machine financed by Maharashtra State Finance Corporation. The
machine was insured by the appellant with the respondent (also referred to as
the `Insurer') through MSFC, against the risk of fire for the period 12.9.1986
to 12.3.1988. Long after the expiry of the policy, on 25.8.1988, MSFC sent a
cheque for Rs.3,135/- on behalf of the appellant for renewal of the policy.
A formal stamped receipt was issued by the insurer confirming the receipt of
the cheque on 26.8.1988.
By letter dated 7.4.1989,
the insurer informed the appellant that it had received the premium amount from
MSFC, but as no proposal had been received from appellant, it was not in a
position to issue the fire insurance policy. The insurer sent a standard
proposal form to the appellant along with the said letter. The appellant filled
and signed proposal form and delivered it to the insurer on 16.6.1989. In the
said proposal, the appellant stated that insurance cover was required for the
period 12.3.1988 to 12.9.1989. But the insurer issued an insurance policy dated
30.6.1989 extending insurance cover for the period 26.8.1988 to 25.8.1989.[this
corresponds to the period after receipt of premium] The Insurer sent the insurance policy to MSFC
as required. MSFC did not raise any objection about the period of cover when
the policy was received by it. Nor was the policy renewed beyond 25.8.1989.
On 10.2.1990, the machine
was damaged in a fire accident. On 17.2.1990, the appellant lodged a claim for
Rs.26,91,139/- with the insurer. The
insurer rejected the claim on the ground that there was no insurance cover on
10.2.1990. (to those of us connected
with Insurance, it would appear simple and straightforward case of rejection as
policy having expired on 25.8.1989 – there cannot be a valid claim for an
occurrence on 10.2.1990]
Feeling
aggrieved, the appellant approached the National Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission complaining deficiency in service by the Insurer. The said complaint
was dismissed on 23.9.1992 on the ground that the complaint involved decision
on complex issues of fact and, therefore, the appropriate remedy was by way of
suit. The appellant thereafter filed a civil suit on 29.3.1993 claiming
Rs.26,91,130/-, being the value of the damaged machine, with interest etc. The
appellant submitted that the suit was in time, if the period spent in
prosecuting the claim before the Commission was excluded under section 14 of
Limitation Act, 1963.
The Trial
Court by judgment and decree dated 16.9.1999 dismissed the suit. It upheld the
contention of the appellant that the insurance cover could only be prospective,
that is for a period of one year from the date of issue of the policy; and that
as the insurance policy was issued on 30.6.1989, it should be deemed to have
been issued to cover a period of one year commencing from that date; and that
therefore, as on the date of the fire accident - 10.2.1990, the machine must be
deemed to have been insured. However, the trial court dismissed the suit as
barred by limitation. It refused to exclude the time spent in
prosecuting the complaint before the National Consumer Redressal Commission for
purposes of limitation.
Feeling aggrieved, the
appellant filed an appeal before the Bombay High Court contending that the
finding regarding limitation was erroneous. The insurer filed cross- objections
challenging the finding that the insurance was in force on the date of fire
accident. The High Court by its judgment dated 9.3.2001 dismissed the appeal by
the appellant and allowed the cross-objections of the insurer. The High Court held the suit was not barred by
limitation. But it held that the suit was liable to be rejected on merits, as
there was no insurance cover on 10.2.1990. It held that the date of insurance
policy was immaterial and what was material was
the date of assumption of risk; and as the
insurer had assumed risk with effect from 26.8.1988 for a period of one year
upto 25.8.1989, it cannot be made liable for a fire accident which occurred
after the expiry of the policy. The High Court also noted that when the
policy was sent to MSFC, which was acting on behalf of the appellant, no
objection was raised in regard to the period of insurance cover.
The said decision of the
High Court was further challenged in this appeal by special leave before the
Apex Court. The appellant contended that a contract of insurance, unless
otherwise mutually agreed, shall always be prospective in its operation, that
is from the date of issuance of the policy of insurance or cover note. It was
submitted that as the proposal by the appellant required insurance cover for
the period 12.3.1988 to 12.9.1989, the insurer could have issued the policy
assuming risk from the required date, that is, 12.3.1988. If that was not
possible, for whatever reason, the policy should have assumed risk
prospectively from the date of issue of the policy, and not from some
retrospective date chosen by the insurer. It was further submitted that as the
insurer had sent the policy to MSFC, the appellant could not point out the
error relating to the period of insurance cover. The appellant contended that
in the circumstances, the policy should be treated as having been issued
prospectively for one year effective from 30.6.1989; and if so, the machine was
deemed to have been insured on the date of the accident.
On the
contentions urged, the following questions arose for consideration by the Apex
Court :
(i) Where the
insurance company is not able to issue a policy of insurance, for the period
required in the proposal, whether the alternative is only to issue the policy
to be effective prospectively from the date of issue.
(ii) Whether
the insurer was justified in issuing the policy showing the period of insurance
cover as 26.8.1988 to 25.8.1989?
(iii) Whether
the policy should be treated as one covering the machine against tie risk
during the period 30.6.1989 to 29.6.1990?
The contention and grievance
of the appellant is not that the insurance policy should have covered the risk
during the period specified in its proposal. Its contention is that the policy
of insurance ought to have covered the risk for a period of one year with
effect from the date of issue of the policy of insurance, and not for the
period stipulated in the policy, nor for the period mentioned in its proposal.
Section 64 VB
of The Insurance Act, 1938 (`Act' for short) provides that no risk can be
assumed unless premium is received in advance. Sub-sections (1) and (2) of the
said section, relevant for our purpose, are extracted below:
"64-VB.
No risk to be assumed unless premium is received in advance - (1) No insurer
shall assume any risk in India in respect of any insurance business on which
premium is not ordinarily payable outside India unless and until the premium
payable is received by him or is guaranteed to be paid by such person in such
manner and within such time as may be prescribed or unless and until deposit of
such amount as may be prescribed, is made in advance in the prescribed manner.
(2) For the
purposes of this section, in the case of risks for which premium can be
ascertained in advance, the risk may be assumed not earlier than the date on
which the premium has been paid in cash or by cheque to the Insurer.
Explanation -
Where the premium is tendered by postal money order or cheque sent by post, the
risk may be assumed on the date on which the money order is booked or the
cheque is posted, as the case may be."
Two things
emerge from the said section. The first is that the insurer cannot assume risk
unless and until premium is received or guaranteed or deposited. The second is
that a policy issued can assume the risk from a retrospective date provided
such date is not earlier than the date on which premium had been paid in cash
or by cheque to the insurer.
In this case, the proposal
sent by the appellant was received by the insurer on 16.6.1989. It required
that the period of insurance cover should be for the period 12.3.1988 to
12.9.1989. The reason why the respondent wanted the insurance cover
retrospectively from 12.3.1988 is obvious. The initial insurance policy expired
on 12.3.1988. Under the terms of finance between MSFC and the appellant,
apparently it was necessary to have an uninterrupted and continuous insurance
cover during the period the machine was secured in favour of MSFC. Therefore,
the appellant wanted the insurance cover to be continued by way of renewal for
the period 12.3.1988 to 12.9.1989. But the premium amount for one year was
received by the insurer only on 26.8.1988. Having regard to the bar contained
in Section 64-VB of the Act, the insurer could not accept the request of the
appellant to grant insurance cover with retrospective effect from a date prior
to 26.8.1988 when it received the premium. Therefore,
the insurer adopted the standard, logical and obvious course of issuing the
insurance policy with effect from the date on which it received the premium
amount by cheque that is with effect from 26.8.1988. As the premium paid
was for one year and the standard term of fire policy was one year, the policy
was issued assuming risk for the period 26.8.1988
to 25.8.1989. Non-issue of the policy for the period commencing from
12.3.1988 required by the appellant, was for a good and valid reason. There was
also nothing illogical or arbitrary about the insurance of a policy specifying
the period of insurance cover as one year effective from the date of receipt of
the premium, that is from 26.8.1988 to 25.8.1989. If the appellant wanted
insurance cover prospectively it should have so specified in the proposal.
Having failed to do so and having sought retrospective cover, the appellant
cannot make a grievance when the insurance cover is issued retrospectively from
the date of receipt of the premium.
Another aspect which
requires to be noticed is that when the policy was sent by the insurer to MSFC,
there was no protest or objection from MSFC that the policy was issued for a
wrong period. Nor did it return the policy to the insurer with a request to
make it prospective from the date of the policy. The appellant did not choose
to examine the policy or cross-check with MSFC about the currency of the
insurance policy or about the need to further renewal of the policy. In fact,
it would appear from the record that MSFC had written on 31.7.1989 to the
appellant that the insurance policy was due to expire in August, 1989. It is,
thus, clear that both the appellant and MSFC were aware of the fact that the
insurance cover under the policy was for the period 26.8.1988 to 25.8.1989 but
neither of them objected to it. Nor was any premium paid for further renewal of
the policy beyond 25.8.1989. Obviously, therefore,
the insurer cannot be made liable for the loss which occurred on account of a
fire accident on 10.2.1990.
A policy of
insurance is a contract based on an offer (proposal) and an acceptance. The
appellant made a proposal. The respondent accepted the proposal with a
modification. Therefore, it was a counter proposal. The appellant had three
choices. The first was to refuse to accept the counter-proposal, in which event
there would have been no contract. The second was to accept either expressly or
impliedly, the counter-proposal of the respondent (that is respondent's
acceptance with modification) which would result in a concluded contract in
terms of the counter proposal. The third was to make a counter proposal to the
counter-proposal of the respondent in which event there would have been no
concluded contract unless the respondent agreed to such counter-counter-
proposal. But the appellant definitely did not have the fourth choice of
propounding a concluded contract with a modification neither proposed nor
agreed to by either party. If the appellant did not agree to the policy
covering the period 26.8.1988 to 25.8.1989 instead of the period 12.3.1988 to
12.9.1989, the result would never create an insurance contract effective from
30.6.1989 or any other date.
The Court held that the contention of the learned counsel for the
appellant that an equitable view must be taken is untenable. In a contract of
insurance, rights and obligations are strictly governed by the policy of
insurance. No exception or relaxation can be made on the ground of equity. The Court held that they find no reason to
interfere with the judgment of the High Court. The appeal was dismissed with
costs quantified at Rs.10,000/-.
It was such a
simple situation – a policy was not renewed in time – months later premium was
paid by the Financial institution – the Insurer after some months of delay sought
proposal and later issued policy from the date of receipt of premium for an
year. Months after expiry of policy –
loss occurred and claimed for.
Perhaps
Insurer should have overtly stated that policy would not be issued from the
date mentioned in the proposal and they are concluding contract from the time
of payment of premium only (which would further cement their cause)
The Financial
Institution and the property owner must check for their insurances and should
ensure that they have valid insurance protection – ensure that the property is
covered, is described fully and properly, is for the right value and for the
period ie., ensuring coverage without any break.
It is also
interesting to note that what ‘We perceive and presume to be a simple, open and
shut case’ could provide numerous interpretations by various legal bodies –
that way it is interesting and is a lesson for all of us.
With regards –
S. Sampathkumar
27.08.2020.
Waste of courts time
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